texture.cpp

/*
* Vulkan Example - Texture loading (and display) example (including mip maps)
* 
* This sample shows how to upload a 2D texture to the device and how to display it. In Vulkan this is done using images, views and samplers.
*
* Copyright (C) 2016-2025 by Sascha Willems - www.saschawillems.de
*
* This code is licensed under the MIT license (MIT) (http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
*/

#include "vulkanexamplebase.h"
#include <ktx.h>
#include <ktxvulkan.h>

// Vertex layout for this example
struct Vertex {
	float pos[3];
	float uv[2];
	float normal[3];
};

class VulkanExample : public VulkanExampleBase
{
public:
	// Contains all Vulkan objects that are required to store and use a texture
	// Note that this repository contains a texture class (VulkanTexture.hpp) that encapsulates texture loading functionality in a class that is used in subsequent demos
	struct Texture {
		VkSampler sampler{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
		VkImage image{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
		VkImageLayout imageLayout;
		VkDeviceMemory deviceMemory{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
		VkImageView view{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
		uint32_t width{ 0 };
		uint32_t height{ 0 };
		uint32_t mipLevels{ 0 };
	} texture;

	vks::Buffer vertexBuffer;
	vks::Buffer indexBuffer;
	uint32_t indexCount{ 0 };

	struct UniformData {
		glm::mat4 projection;
		glm::mat4 modelView;
		glm::vec4 viewPos;
		// This is used to change the bias for the level-of-detail (mips) in the fragment shader
		float lodBias = 0.0f;
	} uniformData;
	std::array<vks::Buffer, maxConcurrentFrames> uniformBuffers;

	VkPipeline pipeline{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
	VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
	VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
	std::array<VkDescriptorSet, maxConcurrentFrames> descriptorSets{};

	VulkanExample() : VulkanExampleBase()
	{
		title = "Texture loading";
		camera.type = Camera::CameraType::lookat;
		camera.setPosition(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -2.5f));
		camera.setRotation(glm::vec3(0.0f, 15.0f, 0.0f));
		camera.setPerspective(60.0f, (float)width / (float)height, 0.1f, 256.0f);
	}

	~VulkanExample()
	{
		if (device) {
			destroyTextureImage(texture);
			vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipeline, nullptr);
			vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);
			vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayout, nullptr);
			vertexBuffer.destroy();
			indexBuffer.destroy();
			for (auto& buffer : uniformBuffers) {
				buffer.destroy();
			}
		}
	}

	// Enable physical device features required for this example
	virtual void getEnabledFeatures()
	{
		// Enable anisotropic filtering if supported
		if (deviceFeatures.samplerAnisotropy) {
			enabledFeatures.samplerAnisotropy = VK_TRUE;
		};
	}

	/*
		Upload texture image data to the GPU

		Vulkan offers two types of image tiling (memory layout):

		Linear tiled images:
			These are stored as is and can be copied directly to. But due to the linear nature they're not a good match for GPUs and format and feature support is very limited.
			It's not advised to use linear tiled images for anything else than copying from host to GPU if buffer copies are not an option.
			Linear tiling is thus only implemented for learning purposes, one should always prefer optimal tiled image.

		Optimal tiled images:
			These are stored in an implementation specific layout matching the capability of the hardware. They usually support more formats and features and are much faster.
			Optimal tiled images are stored on the device and not accessible by the host. So they can't be written directly to (like liner tiled images) and always require
			some sort of data copy, either from a buffer or	a linear tiled image.

		In Short: Always use optimal tiled images for rendering.
	*/
	void loadTexture()
	{
		// We use the Khronos texture format (https://www.khronos.org/opengles/sdk/tools/KTX/file_format_spec/)
		std::string filename = getAssetPath() + "textures/metalplate01_rgba.ktx";
		// Texture data contains 4 channels (RGBA) with unnormalized 8-bit values, this is the most commonly supported format
		VkFormat format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;

		ktxResult result;
		ktxTexture* ktxTexture;

#if defined(__ANDROID__)
		// Textures are stored inside the apk on Android (compressed)
		// So they need to be loaded via the asset manager
		AAsset* asset = AAssetManager_open(androidApp->activity->assetManager, filename.c_str(), AASSET_MODE_STREAMING);
		if (!asset) {
			vks::tools::exitFatal("Could not load texture from " + filename + "\n\nMake sure the assets submodule has been checked out and is up-to-date.", -1);
		}
		size_t size = AAsset_getLength(asset);
		assert(size > 0);

		ktx_uint8_t *textureData = new ktx_uint8_t[size];
		AAsset_read(asset, textureData, size);
		AAsset_close(asset);
		result = ktxTexture_CreateFromMemory(textureData, size, KTX_TEXTURE_CREATE_LOAD_IMAGE_DATA_BIT, &ktxTexture);
		delete[] textureData;
#elif defined (__OHOS__)
        // Load texture from HarmonyOS raw resources using ResourceManager singleton
        NativeResourceManager* resourceMgr = ResourceManager::getInstance().getNativeResourceManager();
        RawFile* rawFile = OH_ResourceManager_OpenRawFile(resourceMgr, filename.c_str());
        assert(rawFile);
        size_t size = OH_ResourceManager_GetRawFileSize(rawFile);
        assert(size > 0);
        ktx_uint8_t *textureData = new ktx_uint8_t[size];
        OH_ResourceManager_ReadRawFile(rawFile, textureData, size);
        OH_ResourceManager_CloseRawFile(rawFile);
        result = ktxTexture_CreateFromMemory(textureData, size, KTX_TEXTURE_CREATE_LOAD_IMAGE_DATA_BIT, &ktxTexture);
        delete[] textureData;
#else
		if (!vks::tools::fileExists(filename)) {
			vks::tools::exitFatal("Could not load texture from " + filename + "\n\nMake sure the assets submodule has been checked out and is up-to-date.", -1);
		}
		result = ktxTexture_CreateFromNamedFile(filename.c_str(), KTX_TEXTURE_CREATE_LOAD_IMAGE_DATA_BIT, &ktxTexture);
#endif
		assert(result == KTX_SUCCESS);

		// Get properties required for using and upload texture data from the ktx texture object
		texture.width = ktxTexture->baseWidth;
		texture.height = ktxTexture->baseHeight;
		texture.mipLevels = ktxTexture->numLevels;
		ktx_uint8_t *ktxTextureData = ktxTexture_GetData(ktxTexture);
		ktx_size_t ktxTextureSize = ktxTexture_GetSize(ktxTexture);

		// We prefer using staging to copy the texture data to a device local optimal image
		VkBool32 useStaging = true;

		// Only use linear tiling if forced
		bool forceLinearTiling = false;
		if (forceLinearTiling) {
			// Don't use linear if format is not supported for (linear) shader sampling
			// Get device properties for the requested texture format
			VkFormatProperties formatProperties;
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, format, &formatProperties);
			useStaging = !(formatProperties.linearTilingFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_BIT);
		}

		VkMemoryAllocateInfo memAllocInfo = vks::initializers::memoryAllocateInfo();
		VkMemoryRequirements memReqs = {};

		if (useStaging) {
			// Copy data to an optimal tiled image
			// This loads the texture data into a host local buffer that is copied to the optimal tiled image on the device

			// Create a host-visible staging buffer that contains the raw image data
			// This buffer will be the data source for copying texture data to the optimal tiled image on the device
			VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
			VkDeviceMemory stagingMemory;

			VkBufferCreateInfo bufferCreateInfo = vks::initializers::bufferCreateInfo();
			bufferCreateInfo.size = ktxTextureSize;
			// This buffer is used as a transfer source for the buffer copy
			bufferCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
			bufferCreateInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateBuffer(device, &bufferCreateInfo, nullptr, &stagingBuffer));

			// Get memory requirements for the staging buffer (alignment, memory type bits)
			vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, stagingBuffer, &memReqs);
			memAllocInfo.allocationSize = memReqs.size;
			// Get memory type index for a host visible buffer
			memAllocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = vulkanDevice->getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device, &memAllocInfo, nullptr, &stagingMemory));
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindBufferMemory(device, stagingBuffer, stagingMemory, 0));

			// Copy texture data into host local staging buffer
			uint8_t *data;
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkMapMemory(device, stagingMemory, 0, memReqs.size, 0, (void **)&data));
			memcpy(data, ktxTextureData, ktxTextureSize);
			vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingMemory);

			// Setup buffer copy regions for each mip level
			std::vector<VkBufferImageCopy> bufferCopyRegions;
			uint32_t offset = 0;

			for (uint32_t i = 0; i < texture.mipLevels; i++) {
				// Calculate offset into staging buffer for the current mip level
				ktx_size_t offset;
				KTX_error_code ret = ktxTexture_GetImageOffset(ktxTexture, i, 0, 0, &offset);
				assert(ret == KTX_SUCCESS);
				// Setup a buffer image copy structure for the current mip level
				VkBufferImageCopy bufferCopyRegion = {};
				bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
				bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.mipLevel = i;
				bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
				bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
				bufferCopyRegion.imageExtent.width = ktxTexture->baseWidth >> i;
				bufferCopyRegion.imageExtent.height = ktxTexture->baseHeight >> i;
				bufferCopyRegion.imageExtent.depth = 1;
				bufferCopyRegion.bufferOffset = offset;
				bufferCopyRegions.push_back(bufferCopyRegion);
			}

			// Create optimal tiled target image on the device
			VkImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = vks::initializers::imageCreateInfo();
			imageCreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
			imageCreateInfo.format = format;
			imageCreateInfo.mipLevels = texture.mipLevels;
			imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
			imageCreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
			imageCreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
			imageCreateInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
			// Set initial layout of the image to undefined
			imageCreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
			imageCreateInfo.extent = { texture.width, texture.height, 1 };
			imageCreateInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImage(device, &imageCreateInfo, nullptr, &texture.image));

			vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, texture.image, &memReqs);
			memAllocInfo.allocationSize = memReqs.size;
			memAllocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = vulkanDevice->getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device, &memAllocInfo, nullptr, &texture.deviceMemory));
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindImageMemory(device, texture.image, texture.deviceMemory, 0));

			VkCommandBuffer copyCmd = vulkanDevice->createCommandBuffer(VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY, true);

			// Image memory barriers for the texture image

			// The sub resource range describes the regions of the image that will be transitioned using the memory barriers below
			VkImageSubresourceRange subresourceRange = {};
			// Image only contains color data
			subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			// Start at first mip level
			subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
			// We will transition on all mip levels
			subresourceRange.levelCount = texture.mipLevels;
			// The 2D texture only has one layer
			subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

			// Transition the texture image layout to transfer target, so we can safely copy our buffer data to it.
			VkImageMemoryBarrier imageMemoryBarrier = vks::initializers::imageMemoryBarrier();;
			imageMemoryBarrier.image = texture.image;
			imageMemoryBarrier.subresourceRange = subresourceRange;
			imageMemoryBarrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
			imageMemoryBarrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
			imageMemoryBarrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
			imageMemoryBarrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;

			// Insert a memory dependency at the proper pipeline stages that will execute the image layout transition
			// Source pipeline stage is host write/read execution (VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT)
			// Destination pipeline stage is copy command execution (VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT)
			vkCmdPipelineBarrier(
				copyCmd,
				VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT,
				VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
				0,
				0, nullptr,
				0, nullptr,
				1, &imageMemoryBarrier);

			// Copy mip levels from staging buffer
			vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(
				copyCmd,
				stagingBuffer,
				texture.image,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
				static_cast<uint32_t>(bufferCopyRegions.size()),
				bufferCopyRegions.data());

			// Once the data has been uploaded we transfer to the texture image to the shader read layout, so it can be sampled from
			imageMemoryBarrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
			imageMemoryBarrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
			imageMemoryBarrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
			imageMemoryBarrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;

			// Insert a memory dependency at the proper pipeline stages that will execute the image layout transition
			// Source pipeline stage is copy command execution (VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT)
			// Destination pipeline stage fragment shader access (VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT)
			vkCmdPipelineBarrier(
				copyCmd,
				VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
				VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT,
				0,
				0, nullptr,
				0, nullptr,
				1, &imageMemoryBarrier);

			// Store current layout for later reuse
			texture.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;

			vulkanDevice->flushCommandBuffer(copyCmd, queue, true);

			// Clean up staging resources
			vkFreeMemory(device, stagingMemory, nullptr);
			vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
		} else {
			// Copy data to a linear tiled image

			VkImage mappableImage;
			VkDeviceMemory mappableMemory;

			// Load mip map level 0 to linear tiling image
			VkImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = vks::initializers::imageCreateInfo();
			imageCreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
			imageCreateInfo.format = format;
			imageCreateInfo.mipLevels = 1;
			imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
			imageCreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
			imageCreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR;
			imageCreateInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
			imageCreateInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
			imageCreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
			imageCreateInfo.extent = { texture.width, texture.height, 1 };
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImage(device, &imageCreateInfo, nullptr, &mappableImage));

			// Get memory requirements for this image like size and alignment
			vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, mappableImage, &memReqs);
			// Set memory allocation size to required memory size
			memAllocInfo.allocationSize = memReqs.size;
			// Get memory type that can be mapped to host memory
			memAllocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = vulkanDevice->getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device, &memAllocInfo, nullptr, &mappableMemory));
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindImageMemory(device, mappableImage, mappableMemory, 0));

			// Map image memory
			void *data;
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkMapMemory(device, mappableMemory, 0, memReqs.size, 0, &data));
			// Copy image data of the first mip level into memory
			memcpy(data, ktxTextureData, memReqs.size);
			vkUnmapMemory(device, mappableMemory);

			// Linear tiled images don't need to be staged and can be directly used as textures
			texture.image = mappableImage;
			texture.deviceMemory = mappableMemory;
			texture.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;

			// Setup image memory barrier transfer image to shader read layout
			VkCommandBuffer copyCmd = vulkanDevice->createCommandBuffer(VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY, true);

			// The sub resource range describes the regions of the image we will be transition
			VkImageSubresourceRange subresourceRange = {};
			subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
			subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
			subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

			// Transition the texture image layout to shader read, so it can be sampled from
			VkImageMemoryBarrier imageMemoryBarrier = vks::initializers::imageMemoryBarrier();;
			imageMemoryBarrier.image = texture.image;
			imageMemoryBarrier.subresourceRange = subresourceRange;
			imageMemoryBarrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_HOST_WRITE_BIT;
			imageMemoryBarrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
			imageMemoryBarrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
			imageMemoryBarrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;

			// Insert a memory dependency at the proper pipeline stages that will execute the image layout transition
			// Source pipeline stage is host write/read execution (VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT)
			// Destination pipeline stage fragment shader access (VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT)
			vkCmdPipelineBarrier(
				copyCmd,
				VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT,
				VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT,
				0,
				0, nullptr,
				0, nullptr,
				1, &imageMemoryBarrier);

			vulkanDevice->flushCommandBuffer(copyCmd, queue, true);
		}

		ktxTexture_Destroy(ktxTexture);

		// Create a texture sampler
		// In Vulkan textures are accessed by samplers
		// This separates all the sampling information from the texture data. This means you could have multiple sampler objects for the same texture with different settings
		// Note: Similar to the samplers available with OpenGL 3.3
		VkSamplerCreateInfo sampler = vks::initializers::samplerCreateInfo();
		sampler.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
		sampler.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
		sampler.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
		sampler.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
		sampler.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
		sampler.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
		sampler.mipLodBias = 0.0f;
		sampler.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_NEVER;
		sampler.minLod = 0.0f;
		// Set max level-of-detail to mip level count of the texture
		sampler.maxLod = (useStaging) ? (float)texture.mipLevels : 0.0f;
		// Enable anisotropic filtering
		// This feature is optional, so we must check if it's supported on the device
		if (vulkanDevice->features.samplerAnisotropy) {
			// Use max. level of anisotropy for this example
			sampler.maxAnisotropy = vulkanDevice->properties.limits.maxSamplerAnisotropy;
			sampler.anisotropyEnable = VK_TRUE;
		} else {
			// The device does not support anisotropic filtering
			sampler.maxAnisotropy = 1.0;
			sampler.anisotropyEnable = VK_FALSE;
		}
		sampler.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_OPAQUE_WHITE;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateSampler(device, &sampler, nullptr, &texture.sampler));

		// Create image view
		// Textures are not directly accessed by the shaders and
		// are abstracted by image views containing additional
		// information and sub resource ranges
		VkImageViewCreateInfo view = vks::initializers::imageViewCreateInfo();
		view.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
		view.format = format;
		// The subresource range describes the set of mip levels (and array layers) that can be accessed through this image view
		// It's possible to create multiple image views for a single image referring to different (and/or overlapping) ranges of the image
		view.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		view.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
		view.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		view.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
		// Linear tiling usually won't support mip maps
		// Only set mip map count if optimal tiling is used
		view.subresourceRange.levelCount = (useStaging) ? texture.mipLevels : 1;
		// The view will be based on the texture's image
		view.image = texture.image;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImageView(device, &view, nullptr, &texture.view));
	}

	// Free all Vulkan resources used by a texture object
	void destroyTextureImage(Texture texture)
	{
		vkDestroyImageView(device, texture.view, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImage(device, texture.image, nullptr);
		vkDestroySampler(device, texture.sampler, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, texture.deviceMemory, nullptr);
	}
	
	// Creates a vertex and index buffer for a quad made of two triangles
	// This is used to display the texture on
	void generateQuad()
	{
		// Setup vertices for a single uv-mapped quad made from two triangles
		std::vector<Vertex> vertices =
		{
			{ {  1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f }, { 1.0f, 1.0f },{ 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f } },
			{ { -1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f }, { 0.0f, 1.0f },{ 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f } },
			{ { -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f }, { 0.0f, 0.0f },{ 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f } },
			{ {  1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f }, { 1.0f, 0.0f },{ 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f } }
		};

		// Setup indices
		std::vector<uint32_t> indices = { 0,1,2, 2,3,0 };
		indexCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(indices.size());

		// Create buffers and upload data to the GPU
		struct StagingBuffers {
			vks::Buffer vertices;
			vks::Buffer indices;
		} stagingBuffers;

		// Host visible source buffers (staging)
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, &stagingBuffers.vertices, vertices.size() * sizeof(Vertex), vertices.data()));
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, &stagingBuffers.indices, indices.size() * sizeof(uint32_t), indices.data()));

		// Device local destination buffers
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, &vertexBuffer, vertices.size() * sizeof(Vertex)));
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, &indexBuffer, indices.size() * sizeof(uint32_t)));

		// Copy from host do device
		vulkanDevice->copyBuffer(&stagingBuffers.vertices, &vertexBuffer, queue);
		vulkanDevice->copyBuffer(&stagingBuffers.indices, &indexBuffer, queue);

		// Clean up
		stagingBuffers.vertices.destroy();
		stagingBuffers.indices.destroy();
	}

	void setupDescriptors()
	{
		// Pool
		std::vector<VkDescriptorPoolSize> poolSizes = {
			vks::initializers::descriptorPoolSize(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, maxConcurrentFrames),
			// The sample uses a combined image + sampler descriptor to sample the texture in the fragment shader
			// We need multiple descriptors (NOT images) due to how we set up the descriptor bindings in this sample
			vks::initializers::descriptorPoolSize(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, maxConcurrentFrames)
		};
		VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo descriptorPoolInfo = vks::initializers::descriptorPoolCreateInfo(poolSizes, 2);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &descriptorPoolInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool));

		// Layout
		std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding> setLayoutBindings = {
			// Binding 0 : Vertex shader uniform buffer
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, 0),
			// Binding 1 : Fragment shader image sampler
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, 1)
		};
		VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo descriptorLayout = vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo(setLayoutBindings);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &descriptorLayout, nullptr, &descriptorSetLayout));

		// Setup a descriptor image info for the current texture to be used as a descriptor for a combined image sampler
		VkDescriptorImageInfo textureDescriptor{};
		// The image's view (images are never directly accessed by the shader, but rather through views defining subresources)
		textureDescriptor.imageView = texture.view;
		// The sampler (Telling the pipeline how to sample the texture, including repeat, border, etc.)
		textureDescriptor.sampler = texture.sampler;
		// The current layout of the image(Note: Should always fit the actual use, e.g.shader read)
		textureDescriptor.imageLayout = texture.imageLayout;

		// Sets per frame, just like the buffers themselves
		VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo = vks::initializers::descriptorSetAllocateInfo(descriptorPool, &descriptorSetLayout, 1);
		for (auto i = 0; i < uniformBuffers.size(); i++) {
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, &descriptorSets[i]));

			std::vector<VkWriteDescriptorSet> writeDescriptorSets = {
				// Binding 0 : Vertex shader uniform buffer
				vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets[i], VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0, &uniformBuffers[i].descriptor),
				// Binding 1 : Fragment shader texture sampler
				//  Note that unlike the uniform buffer, which is written by the CPU and the GPU, the image (texture) is a static resource
				//  As such we can use the same image for every frame in flight
				//	Fragment shader: layout (binding = 1) uniform sampler2D samplerColor;
				vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets[i],
					VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,		// The descriptor set will use a combined image sampler (as opposed to splitting image and sampler)
					1,												// Shader binding point 1
					&textureDescriptor)								// Pointer to the descriptor image for our texture
			};

			vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, static_cast<uint32_t>(writeDescriptorSets.size()), writeDescriptorSets.data(), 0, nullptr);
		}
	}

	void preparePipelines()
	{
		// Layout
		VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutCreateInfo = vks::initializers::pipelineLayoutCreateInfo(&descriptorSetLayout, 1);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout));

		// Pipeline
		VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssemblyState = vks::initializers::pipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo(VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST, 0, VK_FALSE);
		VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizationState = vks::initializers::pipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo(VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL, VK_CULL_MODE_NONE, VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE, 0);
		VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState blendAttachmentState = vks::initializers::pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(0xf, VK_FALSE);
		VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlendState = vks::initializers::pipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo(1, &blendAttachmentState);
		VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencilState = vks::initializers::pipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo(VK_TRUE, VK_TRUE, VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS_OR_EQUAL);
		VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState = vks::initializers::pipelineViewportStateCreateInfo(1, 1, 0);
		VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampleState = vks::initializers::pipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo(VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT, 0);
		std::vector<VkDynamicState> dynamicStateEnables = { VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT, VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR };
		VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState = vks::initializers::pipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo(dynamicStateEnables);
		std::array<VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo,2> shaderStages;

		// Shaders
		shaderStages[0] = loadShader(getShadersPath() + "texture/texture.vert.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT);
		shaderStages[1] = loadShader(getShadersPath() + "texture/texture.frag.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT);

		// Vertex input state
		std::vector<VkVertexInputBindingDescription> vertexInputBindings = {
			vks::initializers::vertexInputBindingDescription(0, sizeof(Vertex), VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX)
		};
		std::vector<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription> vertexInputAttributes = {
			vks::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(0, 0, VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT, offsetof(Vertex, pos)),
			vks::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(0, 1, VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT, offsetof(Vertex, uv)),
			vks::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(0, 2, VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT, offsetof(Vertex, normal)),
		};
		VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputState = vks::initializers::pipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo();
		vertexInputState.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(vertexInputBindings.size());
		vertexInputState.pVertexBindingDescriptions = vertexInputBindings.data();
		vertexInputState.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(vertexInputAttributes.size());
		vertexInputState.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = vertexInputAttributes.data();

		VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineCreateInfo = vks::initializers::pipelineCreateInfo(pipelineLayout, renderPass, 0);
		pipelineCreateInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssemblyState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizationState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlendState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampleState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pDepthStencilState = &depthStencilState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pDynamicState = &dynamicState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.stageCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(shaderStages.size());
		pipelineCreateInfo.pStages = shaderStages.data();
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, 1, &pipelineCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipeline));
	}

	// Prepare and initialize uniform buffer containing shader uniforms
	void prepareUniformBuffers()
	{
		for (auto& buffer : uniformBuffers) {
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, &buffer, sizeof(UniformData), &uniformData));
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(buffer.map());
		}
	}

	void updateUniformBuffers()
	{
		uniformData.projection = camera.matrices.perspective;
		uniformData.modelView = camera.matrices.view;
		uniformData.viewPos = camera.viewPos;
		memcpy(uniformBuffers[currentBuffer].mapped, &uniformData, sizeof(uniformData));
	}

	void prepare()
	{
		VulkanExampleBase::prepare();
		loadTexture();
		generateQuad();
		prepareUniformBuffers();
		setupDescriptors();
		preparePipelines();
		prepared = true;
	}

	void buildCommandBuffer()
	{
		VkCommandBuffer cmdBuffer = drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer];
		
		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo cmdBufInfo = vks::initializers::commandBufferBeginInfo();

		VkClearValue clearValues[2]{};
		clearValues[0].color = defaultClearColor;
		clearValues[1].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };

		VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassBeginInfo = vks::initializers::renderPassBeginInfo();
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.offset.x = 0;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.offset.y = 0;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.width = width;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.height = height;
		renderPassBeginInfo.clearValueCount = 2;
		renderPassBeginInfo.pClearValues = clearValues;
		renderPassBeginInfo.framebuffer = frameBuffers[currentImageIndex];

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBeginCommandBuffer(cmdBuffer, &cmdBufInfo));

		vkCmdBeginRenderPass(cmdBuffer, &renderPassBeginInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

		VkViewport viewport = vks::initializers::viewport((float)width, (float)height, 0.0f, 1.0f);
		vkCmdSetViewport(cmdBuffer, 0, 1, &viewport);

		VkRect2D scissor = vks::initializers::rect2D(width, height, 0, 0);
		vkCmdSetScissor(cmdBuffer, 0, 1, &scissor);

		// This will bind the descriptor set that contains our image (texture), so it can be accessed in the fragment shader
		vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmdBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSets[currentBuffer], 0, nullptr);
		vkCmdBindPipeline(cmdBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipeline);

		VkDeviceSize offsets[1] = { 0 };
		vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(cmdBuffer, 0, 1, &vertexBuffer.buffer, offsets);
		vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(cmdBuffer, indexBuffer.buffer, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);

		vkCmdDrawIndexed(cmdBuffer, indexCount, 1, 0, 0, 0);

		drawUI(cmdBuffer);

		vkCmdEndRenderPass(cmdBuffer);

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkEndCommandBuffer(cmdBuffer));
	}

	virtual void render()
	{
		if (!prepared)
			return;
		VulkanExampleBase::prepareFrame();
		updateUniformBuffers();
		buildCommandBuffer();
		VulkanExampleBase::submitFrame();
	}

	virtual void OnUpdateUIOverlay(vks::UIOverlay *overlay)
	{
		if (overlay->header("Settings")) {
			overlay->sliderFloat("LOD bias", &uniformData.lodBias, 0.0f, (float)texture.mipLevels);
		}
	}
};

VULKAN_EXAMPLE_MAIN()