deferred.cpp

/*
* Vulkan Example - Deferred shading with multiple render targets (aka G-Buffer) example
*
* This samples shows how to do deferred rendering. Unlike forward rendering, different components like
* albedo, normals, world positions are rendered to offscreen images which are then put together and lit
* in a composition pass
* Use the dropdown in the ui to switch between the final composition pass or the separate components
* 
* 
* Copyright (C) 2016-2025 by Sascha Willems - www.saschawillems.de
*
* This code is licensed under the MIT license (MIT) (http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
*/

#include "vulkanexamplebase.h"
#include "VulkanglTFModel.h"

class VulkanExample : public VulkanExampleBase
{
public:
	int32_t debugDisplayTarget = 0;

	struct {
		struct {
			vks::Texture2D colorMap;
			vks::Texture2D normalMap;
		} model;
		struct {
			vks::Texture2D colorMap;
			vks::Texture2D normalMap;
		} floor;
	} textures{};

	struct {
		vkglTF::Model model;
		vkglTF::Model floor;
	} models;

	struct UniformDataOffscreen  {
		glm::mat4 projection;
		glm::mat4 model;
		glm::mat4 view;
		glm::vec4 instancePos[3];
	} uniformDataOffscreen;

	struct Light {
		glm::vec4 position;
		glm::vec3 color;
		float radius;
	};

	struct UniformDataComposition {
		Light lights[6];
		glm::vec4 viewPos;
		int debugDisplayTarget = 0;
	} uniformDataComposition;

	struct UniformBuffers {
		vks::Buffer offscreen;
		vks::Buffer composition;
	};
	std::array<UniformBuffers, maxConcurrentFrames> uniformBuffers;

	VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
	struct {
		VkPipeline offscreen{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
		VkPipeline composition{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
	} pipelines;

	VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
	struct DescriptorSets {
		VkDescriptorSet model{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
		VkDescriptorSet floor{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
		VkDescriptorSet composition{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
	};
	std::array<DescriptorSets, maxConcurrentFrames> descriptorSets;

	// Framebuffers holding the deferred attachments
	struct FrameBufferAttachment {
		VkImage image;
		VkDeviceMemory mem;
		VkImageView view;
		VkFormat format;
	};
	struct FrameBuffer {
		int32_t width, height;
		VkFramebuffer frameBuffer;
		// One attachment for every component required for a deferred rendering setup
		FrameBufferAttachment position, normal, albedo;
		FrameBufferAttachment depth;
		VkRenderPass renderPass;
	} offScreenFrameBuf{};

	// One sampler for the frame buffer color attachments
	VkSampler colorSampler{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };

	VulkanExample() : VulkanExampleBase()
	{
		title = "Deferred shading";
		camera.type = Camera::CameraType::firstperson;
		camera.movementSpeed = 5.0f;
#ifndef __ANDROID__
		camera.rotationSpeed = 0.25f;
#endif
		camera.position = { 2.15f, 0.3f, -8.75f };
		camera.setRotation(glm::vec3(-0.75f, 12.5f, 0.0f));
		camera.setPerspective(60.0f, (float)width / (float)height, 0.1f, 256.0f);
	}

	~VulkanExample()
	{
		if (device) {
			vkDestroySampler(device, colorSampler, nullptr);
			vkDestroyImageView(device, offScreenFrameBuf.position.view, nullptr);
			vkDestroyImage(device, offScreenFrameBuf.position.image, nullptr);
			vkFreeMemory(device, offScreenFrameBuf.position.mem, nullptr);
			vkDestroyImageView(device, offScreenFrameBuf.normal.view, nullptr);
			vkDestroyImage(device, offScreenFrameBuf.normal.image, nullptr);
			vkFreeMemory(device, offScreenFrameBuf.normal.mem, nullptr);
			vkDestroyImageView(device, offScreenFrameBuf.albedo.view, nullptr);
			vkDestroyImage(device, offScreenFrameBuf.albedo.image, nullptr);
			vkFreeMemory(device, offScreenFrameBuf.albedo.mem, nullptr);
			vkDestroyImageView(device, offScreenFrameBuf.depth.view, nullptr);
			vkDestroyImage(device, offScreenFrameBuf.depth.image, nullptr);
			vkFreeMemory(device, offScreenFrameBuf.depth.mem, nullptr);
			vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, offScreenFrameBuf.frameBuffer, nullptr);
			vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipelines.composition, nullptr);
			vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipelines.offscreen, nullptr);
			vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);
			vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayout, nullptr);
			vkDestroyRenderPass(device, offScreenFrameBuf.renderPass, nullptr);
			textures.model.colorMap.destroy();
			textures.model.normalMap.destroy();
			textures.floor.colorMap.destroy();
			textures.floor.normalMap.destroy();
			for (auto& buffer : uniformBuffers) {
				buffer.offscreen.destroy();
				buffer.composition.destroy();
			}
		}
	}

	// Enable physical device features required for this example
	virtual void getEnabledFeatures()
	{
		// Enable anisotropic filtering if supported
		if (deviceFeatures.samplerAnisotropy) {
			enabledFeatures.samplerAnisotropy = VK_TRUE;
		}
	};

	// Create a frame buffer attachment
	void createAttachment(
		VkFormat format,
		VkImageUsageFlagBits usage,
		FrameBufferAttachment *attachment)
	{
		VkImageAspectFlags aspectMask = 0;
		VkImageLayout imageLayout;

		attachment->format = format;

		if (usage & VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT)
		{
			aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
		}
		if (usage & VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT)
		{
			aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT;
			if (format >= VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM_S8_UINT)
				aspectMask |=VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_STENCIL_BIT;
			imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
		}

		assert(aspectMask > 0);

		VkImageCreateInfo image = vks::initializers::imageCreateInfo();
		image.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
		image.format = format;
		image.extent.width = offScreenFrameBuf.width;
		image.extent.height = offScreenFrameBuf.height;
		image.extent.depth = 1;
		image.mipLevels = 1;
		image.arrayLayers = 1;
		image.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		image.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
		image.usage = usage | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;

		VkMemoryAllocateInfo memAlloc = vks::initializers::memoryAllocateInfo();
		VkMemoryRequirements memReqs;

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImage(device, &image, nullptr, &attachment->image));
		vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, attachment->image, &memReqs);
		memAlloc.allocationSize = memReqs.size;
		memAlloc.memoryTypeIndex = vulkanDevice->getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device, &memAlloc, nullptr, &attachment->mem));
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindImageMemory(device, attachment->image, attachment->mem, 0));

		VkImageViewCreateInfo imageView = vks::initializers::imageViewCreateInfo();
		imageView.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
		imageView.format = format;
		imageView.subresourceRange = {};
		imageView.subresourceRange.aspectMask = aspectMask;
		imageView.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
		imageView.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
		imageView.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		imageView.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
		imageView.image = attachment->image;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImageView(device, &imageView, nullptr, &attachment->view));
	}

	// Prepare a new framebuffer and attachments for offscreen rendering (G-Buffer)
	void prepareOffscreenFramebuffer()
	{
		// Note: Instead of using fixed sizes, one could also match the window size and recreate the attachments on resize
		offScreenFrameBuf.width = 2048;
		offScreenFrameBuf.height = 2048;

		// Color attachments

		// (World space) Positions
		createAttachment(
			VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT,
			VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT,
			&offScreenFrameBuf.position);

		// (World space) Normals
		createAttachment(
			VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT,
			VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT,
			&offScreenFrameBuf.normal);

		// Albedo (color)
		createAttachment(
			VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
			VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT,
			&offScreenFrameBuf.albedo);

		// Depth attachment

		// Find a suitable depth format
		VkFormat attDepthFormat;
		VkBool32 validDepthFormat = vks::tools::getSupportedDepthFormat(physicalDevice, &attDepthFormat);
		assert(validDepthFormat);

		createAttachment(
			attDepthFormat,
			VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT,
			&offScreenFrameBuf.depth);

		// Set up separate renderpass with references to the color and depth attachments
		std::array<VkAttachmentDescription, 4> attachmentDescs = {};

		// Init attachment properties
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
		{
			attachmentDescs[i].samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
			attachmentDescs[i].loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
			attachmentDescs[i].storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
			attachmentDescs[i].stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
			attachmentDescs[i].stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
			if (i == 3)
			{
				attachmentDescs[i].initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
				attachmentDescs[i].finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
			}
			else
			{
				attachmentDescs[i].initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
				attachmentDescs[i].finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
			}
		}

		// Formats
		attachmentDescs[0].format = offScreenFrameBuf.position.format;
		attachmentDescs[1].format = offScreenFrameBuf.normal.format;
		attachmentDescs[2].format = offScreenFrameBuf.albedo.format;
		attachmentDescs[3].format = offScreenFrameBuf.depth.format;

		std::vector<VkAttachmentReference> colorReferences;
		colorReferences.push_back({ 0, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL });
		colorReferences.push_back({ 1, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL });
		colorReferences.push_back({ 2, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL });

		VkAttachmentReference depthReference = {};
		depthReference.attachment = 3;
		depthReference.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		VkSubpassDescription subpass = {};
		subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
		subpass.pColorAttachments = colorReferences.data();
		subpass.colorAttachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(colorReferences.size());
		subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depthReference;

		// Use subpass dependencies for attachment layout transitions
		std::array<VkSubpassDependency, 3> dependencies{};

		// Depth
		dependencies[0].srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
		dependencies[0].dstSubpass = 0;
		dependencies[0].srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
		dependencies[0].dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
		dependencies[0].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
		dependencies[0].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT | VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT;
		// Color
		dependencies[1].srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
		dependencies[1].dstSubpass = 0;
		dependencies[1].srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT;
		dependencies[1].dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
		dependencies[1].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT;
		dependencies[1].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;

		// Color
		dependencies[2].srcSubpass = 0;
		dependencies[2].dstSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
		dependencies[2].srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
		dependencies[2].dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT;
		dependencies[2].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
		dependencies[2].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT;

		VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo = {};
		renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
		renderPassInfo.pAttachments = attachmentDescs.data();
		renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachmentDescs.size());
		renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
		renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 3;
		renderPassInfo.pDependencies = dependencies.data();

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &offScreenFrameBuf.renderPass));

		std::array<VkImageView, 4> attachments{};
		attachments[0] = offScreenFrameBuf.position.view;
		attachments[1] = offScreenFrameBuf.normal.view;
		attachments[2] = offScreenFrameBuf.albedo.view;
		attachments[3] = offScreenFrameBuf.depth.view;

		VkFramebufferCreateInfo fbufCreateInfo = {};
		fbufCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
		fbufCreateInfo.pNext = NULL;
		fbufCreateInfo.renderPass = offScreenFrameBuf.renderPass;
		fbufCreateInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
		fbufCreateInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
		fbufCreateInfo.width = offScreenFrameBuf.width;
		fbufCreateInfo.height = offScreenFrameBuf.height;
		fbufCreateInfo.layers = 1;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &fbufCreateInfo, nullptr, &offScreenFrameBuf.frameBuffer));

		// Create sampler to sample from the color attachments
		VkSamplerCreateInfo sampler = vks::initializers::samplerCreateInfo();
		sampler.magFilter = VK_FILTER_NEAREST;
		sampler.minFilter = VK_FILTER_NEAREST;
		sampler.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
		sampler.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
		sampler.addressModeV = sampler.addressModeU;
		sampler.addressModeW = sampler.addressModeU;
		sampler.mipLodBias = 0.0f;
		sampler.maxAnisotropy = 1.0f;
		sampler.minLod = 0.0f;
		sampler.maxLod = 1.0f;
		sampler.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_OPAQUE_WHITE;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateSampler(device, &sampler, nullptr, &colorSampler));
	}

	void loadAssets()
	{
		const uint32_t glTFLoadingFlags = vkglTF::FileLoadingFlags::PreTransformVertices | vkglTF::FileLoadingFlags::PreMultiplyVertexColors | vkglTF::FileLoadingFlags::FlipY;
		models.model.loadFromFile(getAssetPath() + "models/armor/armor.gltf", vulkanDevice, queue, glTFLoadingFlags);
		models.floor.loadFromFile(getAssetPath() + "models/deferred_floor.gltf", vulkanDevice, queue, glTFLoadingFlags);
		textures.model.colorMap.loadFromFile(getAssetPath() + "models/armor/colormap_rgba.ktx", VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, vulkanDevice, queue);
		textures.model.normalMap.loadFromFile(getAssetPath() + "models/armor/normalmap_rgba.ktx", VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, vulkanDevice, queue);
		textures.floor.colorMap.loadFromFile(getAssetPath() + "textures/stonefloor01_color_rgba.ktx", VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, vulkanDevice, queue);
		textures.floor.normalMap.loadFromFile(getAssetPath() + "textures/stonefloor01_normal_rgba.ktx", VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, vulkanDevice, queue);
	}

	void setupDescriptors()
	{
		// Pool
		std::vector<VkDescriptorPoolSize> poolSizes = {
			vks::initializers::descriptorPoolSize(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, maxConcurrentFrames * 8),
			vks::initializers::descriptorPoolSize(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, maxConcurrentFrames * 9)
		};
		VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo descriptorPoolInfo = vks::initializers::descriptorPoolCreateInfo(poolSizes, maxConcurrentFrames * 3);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &descriptorPoolInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool));

		// Layouts
		std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding> setLayoutBindings = {
			// Binding 0 : Vertex shader uniform buffer
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, 0),
			// Binding 1 : Position texture target / Scene colormap
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, 1),
			// Binding 2 : Normals texture target
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, 2),
			// Binding 3 : Albedo texture target
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, 3),
			// Binding 4 : Fragment shader uniform buffer
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, 4),
		};
		VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo descriptorLayout = vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo(setLayoutBindings);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &descriptorLayout, nullptr, &descriptorSetLayout));

		// Sets per frame, just like the buffers themselves
		// Image descriptors for the offscreen color attachments
		VkDescriptorImageInfo descriptorPosition = vks::initializers::descriptorImageInfo(colorSampler, offScreenFrameBuf.position.view, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL);
		VkDescriptorImageInfo descriptorNormal = vks::initializers::descriptorImageInfo(colorSampler, offScreenFrameBuf.normal.view, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL);
		VkDescriptorImageInfo descriptorAlbedo = vks::initializers::descriptorImageInfo(colorSampler, offScreenFrameBuf.albedo.view, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL);
		// Images do not need to be duplicated per frame, we reuse the same one for each frame
		VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo = vks::initializers::descriptorSetAllocateInfo(descriptorPool, &descriptorSetLayout, 1);
		for (auto i = 0; i < uniformBuffers.size(); i++) {
			std::vector<VkWriteDescriptorSet> writeDescriptorSets;
			// Deferred composition
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, &descriptorSets[i].composition));
			writeDescriptorSets = {
				// Binding 1 : Position texture target
				vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets[i].composition, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 1, &descriptorPosition),
				// Binding 2 : Normals texture target
				vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets[i].composition, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 2, &descriptorNormal),
				// Binding 3 : Albedo texture target
				vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets[i].composition, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 3, &descriptorAlbedo),
				// Binding 4 : Fragment shader uniform buffer
				vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets[i].composition, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 4, &uniformBuffers[i].composition.descriptor),
			};
			vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, static_cast<uint32_t>(writeDescriptorSets.size()), writeDescriptorSets.data(), 0, nullptr);

			// Offscreen (scene)

			// Model
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, &descriptorSets[i].model));
			writeDescriptorSets = {
				// Binding 0: Vertex shader uniform buffer
				vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets[i].model, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0, &uniformBuffers[i].offscreen.descriptor),
				// Binding 1: Color map
				vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets[i].model, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 1, &textures.model.colorMap.descriptor),
				// Binding 2: Normal map
				vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets[i].model, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 2, &textures.model.normalMap.descriptor)
			};
			vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, static_cast<uint32_t>(writeDescriptorSets.size()), writeDescriptorSets.data(), 0, nullptr);

			// Background
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, &descriptorSets[i].floor));
			writeDescriptorSets = {
				// Binding 0: Vertex shader uniform buffer
				vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets[i].floor, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0, &uniformBuffers[i].offscreen.descriptor),
				// Binding 1: Color map
				vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets[i].floor, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 1, &textures.floor.colorMap.descriptor),
				// Binding 2: Normal map
				vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets[i].floor, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 2, &textures.floor.normalMap.descriptor)
			};
			vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, static_cast<uint32_t>(writeDescriptorSets.size()), writeDescriptorSets.data(), 0, nullptr);
		}
	}

	void preparePipelines()
	{
		// Pipeline layout
		VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutCreateInfo = vks::initializers::pipelineLayoutCreateInfo(&descriptorSetLayout, 1);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout));

		// Pipelines
		VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssemblyState = vks::initializers::pipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo(VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST, 0, VK_FALSE);
		VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizationState = vks::initializers::pipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo(VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL, VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT, VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE, 0);
		VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState blendAttachmentState = vks::initializers::pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(0xf, VK_FALSE);
		VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlendState = vks::initializers::pipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo(1, &blendAttachmentState);
		VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencilState = vks::initializers::pipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo(VK_TRUE, VK_TRUE, VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS_OR_EQUAL);
		VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState = vks::initializers::pipelineViewportStateCreateInfo(1, 1, 0);
		VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampleState = vks::initializers::pipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo(VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT, 0);
		std::vector<VkDynamicState> dynamicStateEnables = {VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT, VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR};
		VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState = vks::initializers::pipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo(dynamicStateEnables);
		std::array<VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo, 2> shaderStages{};

		VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineCI = vks::initializers::pipelineCreateInfo(pipelineLayout, renderPass);
		pipelineCI.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssemblyState;
		pipelineCI.pRasterizationState = &rasterizationState;
		pipelineCI.pColorBlendState = &colorBlendState;
		pipelineCI.pMultisampleState = &multisampleState;
		pipelineCI.pViewportState = &viewportState;
		pipelineCI.pDepthStencilState = &depthStencilState;
		pipelineCI.pDynamicState = &dynamicState;
		pipelineCI.stageCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(shaderStages.size());
		pipelineCI.pStages = shaderStages.data();

		// Final fullscreen composition pass pipeline
		rasterizationState.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_FRONT_BIT;
		shaderStages[0] = loadShader(getShadersPath() + "deferred/deferred.vert.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT);
		shaderStages[1] = loadShader(getShadersPath() + "deferred/deferred.frag.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT);
		// Empty vertex input state, vertices are generated by the vertex shader
		VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo emptyInputState = vks::initializers::pipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo();
		pipelineCI.pVertexInputState = &emptyInputState;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, 1, &pipelineCI, nullptr, &pipelines.composition));

		// Vertex input state from glTF model for pipeline rendering models
		pipelineCI.pVertexInputState = vkglTF::Vertex::getPipelineVertexInputState({vkglTF::VertexComponent::Position, vkglTF::VertexComponent::UV, vkglTF::VertexComponent::Color, vkglTF::VertexComponent::Normal, vkglTF::VertexComponent::Tangent});
		rasterizationState.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;

		// Offscreen pipeline
		shaderStages[0] = loadShader(getShadersPath() + "deferred/mrt.vert.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT);
		shaderStages[1] = loadShader(getShadersPath() + "deferred/mrt.frag.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT);

		// Separate render pass
		pipelineCI.renderPass = offScreenFrameBuf.renderPass;

		// Blend attachment states required for all color attachments
		// This is important, as color write mask will otherwise be 0x0 and you
		// won't see anything rendered to the attachment
		std::array<VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState, 3> blendAttachmentStates = {
			vks::initializers::pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(0xf, VK_FALSE),
			vks::initializers::pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(0xf, VK_FALSE),
			vks::initializers::pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(0xf, VK_FALSE)
		};

		colorBlendState.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(blendAttachmentStates.size());
		colorBlendState.pAttachments = blendAttachmentStates.data();

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, 1, &pipelineCI, nullptr, &pipelines.offscreen));
	}

	// Prepare and initialize uniform buffer containing shader uniforms
	void prepareUniformBuffers() {
		for (auto& buffer : uniformBuffers) {
			// Offscreen
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, &buffer.offscreen, sizeof(UniformDataOffscreen)));
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(buffer.offscreen.map());
			// Composition
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, &buffer.composition, sizeof(UniformDataComposition)));
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(buffer.composition.map());
		}

		// Setup instanced model positions
		uniformDataOffscreen.instancePos[0] = glm::vec4(0.0f);
		uniformDataOffscreen.instancePos[1] = glm::vec4(-4.0f, 0.0, -4.0f, 0.0f);
		uniformDataOffscreen.instancePos[2] = glm::vec4(4.0f, 0.0, -4.0f, 0.0f);
	}

	// Update matrices used for the offscreen rendering of the scene
	void updateUniformBufferOffscreen()
	{
		uniformDataOffscreen.projection = camera.matrices.perspective;
		uniformDataOffscreen.view = camera.matrices.view;
		uniformDataOffscreen.model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
		memcpy(uniformBuffers[currentBuffer].offscreen.mapped, &uniformDataOffscreen, sizeof(UniformDataOffscreen));
	}

	// Update lights and parameters passed to the composition shaders
	void updateUniformBufferComposition()
	{
		// White
		uniformDataComposition.lights[0].position = glm::vec4(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[0].color = glm::vec3(1.5f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[0].radius = 15.0f * 0.25f;
		// Red
		uniformDataComposition.lights[1].position = glm::vec4(-2.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[1].color = glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[1].radius = 15.0f;
		// Blue
		uniformDataComposition.lights[2].position = glm::vec4(2.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[2].color = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 2.5f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[2].radius = 5.0f;
		// Yellow
		uniformDataComposition.lights[3].position = glm::vec4(0.0f, -0.9f, 0.5f, 0.0f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[3].color = glm::vec3(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[3].radius = 2.0f;
		// Green
		uniformDataComposition.lights[4].position = glm::vec4(0.0f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[4].color = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.2f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[4].radius = 5.0f;
		// Yellow
		uniformDataComposition.lights[5].position = glm::vec4(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[5].color = glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.7f, 0.3f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[5].radius = 25.0f;

		// Animate the lights
		if (!paused) {
			uniformDataComposition.lights[0].position.x = sin(glm::radians(360.0f * timer)) * 5.0f;
			uniformDataComposition.lights[0].position.z = cos(glm::radians(360.0f * timer)) * 5.0f;

			uniformDataComposition.lights[1].position.x = -4.0f + sin(glm::radians(360.0f * timer) + 45.0f) * 2.0f;
			uniformDataComposition.lights[1].position.z = 0.0f + cos(glm::radians(360.0f * timer) + 45.0f) * 2.0f;

			uniformDataComposition.lights[2].position.x = 4.0f + sin(glm::radians(360.0f * timer)) * 2.0f;
			uniformDataComposition.lights[2].position.z = 0.0f + cos(glm::radians(360.0f * timer)) * 2.0f;

			uniformDataComposition.lights[4].position.x = 0.0f + sin(glm::radians(360.0f * timer + 90.0f)) * 5.0f;
			uniformDataComposition.lights[4].position.z = 0.0f - cos(glm::radians(360.0f * timer + 45.0f)) * 5.0f;

			uniformDataComposition.lights[5].position.x = 0.0f + sin(glm::radians(-360.0f * timer + 135.0f)) * 10.0f;
			uniformDataComposition.lights[5].position.z = 0.0f - cos(glm::radians(-360.0f * timer - 45.0f)) * 10.0f;
		}

		// Current view position
		uniformDataComposition.viewPos = glm::vec4(camera.position, 0.0f) * glm::vec4(-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f);

		uniformDataComposition.debugDisplayTarget = debugDisplayTarget;

		memcpy(uniformBuffers[currentBuffer].composition.mapped, &uniformDataComposition, sizeof(UniformDataComposition));
	}

	void prepare()
	{
		VulkanExampleBase::prepare();
		loadAssets();
		prepareOffscreenFramebuffer();
		prepareUniformBuffers();
		setupDescriptors();
		preparePipelines();
		prepared = true;
	}

	void buildCommandBuffer()
	{
		VkCommandBuffer cmdBuffer = drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer];
		
		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo cmdBufInfo = vks::initializers::commandBufferBeginInfo();

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBeginCommandBuffer(cmdBuffer, &cmdBufInfo));

		// First render pass : Offscreen pass to fill deferred attachments
		{
			// Clear values for all attachments written in the fragment shader
			VkClearValue clearValues[4]{};
			clearValues[0].color = { { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f } };
			clearValues[1].color = { { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f } };
			clearValues[2].color = { { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f } };
			clearValues[3].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };

			VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassBeginInfo = vks::initializers::renderPassBeginInfo();
			renderPassBeginInfo.renderPass = offScreenFrameBuf.renderPass;
			renderPassBeginInfo.framebuffer = offScreenFrameBuf.frameBuffer;
			renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.width = offScreenFrameBuf.width;
			renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.height = offScreenFrameBuf.height;
			renderPassBeginInfo.clearValueCount = 4;
			renderPassBeginInfo.pClearValues = clearValues;

			vkCmdBeginRenderPass(cmdBuffer, &renderPassBeginInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
			VkViewport viewport = vks::initializers::viewport((float)offScreenFrameBuf.width, (float)offScreenFrameBuf.height, 0.0f, 1.0f);
			vkCmdSetViewport(cmdBuffer, 0, 1, &viewport);
			VkRect2D scissor = vks::initializers::rect2D(offScreenFrameBuf.width, offScreenFrameBuf.height, 0, 0);
			vkCmdSetScissor(cmdBuffer, 0, 1, &scissor);
			vkCmdBindPipeline(cmdBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelines.offscreen);
			// Floor
			vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmdBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSets[currentBuffer].floor, 0, nullptr);
			models.floor.draw(cmdBuffer);
			// Render multiple instances of the model
			vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmdBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSets[currentBuffer].model, 0, nullptr);
			models.model.bindBuffers(cmdBuffer);
			vkCmdDrawIndexed(cmdBuffer, models.model.indices.count, 3, 0, 0, 0);
			vkCmdEndRenderPass(cmdBuffer);
		}

		// Second render pass: Composition
		// Note: Explicit synchronization is not required between the render pass, as this is done implicit via sub pass dependencies

		{
			VkClearValue clearValues[2]{};
			clearValues[0].color = { { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.2f, 0.0f } };
			clearValues[1].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };

			VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassBeginInfo = vks::initializers::renderPassBeginInfo();
			renderPassBeginInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
			renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.offset.x = 0;
			renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.offset.y = 0;
			renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.width = width;
			renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.height = height;
			renderPassBeginInfo.clearValueCount = 2;
			renderPassBeginInfo.pClearValues = clearValues;
			renderPassBeginInfo.framebuffer = frameBuffers[currentImageIndex];

			vkCmdBeginRenderPass(cmdBuffer, &renderPassBeginInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
			VkViewport viewport = vks::initializers::viewport((float)width, (float)height, 0.0f, 1.0f);
			vkCmdSetViewport(cmdBuffer, 0, 1, &viewport);
			VkRect2D scissor = vks::initializers::rect2D(width, height, 0, 0);
			vkCmdSetScissor(cmdBuffer, 0, 1, &scissor);
			vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmdBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSets[currentBuffer].composition, 0, nullptr);
			vkCmdBindPipeline(cmdBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelines.composition);
			// Final composition
			// This is done by simply drawing a full screen quad
			// The fragment shader then combines the deferred attachments into the final image
			// Note: Also used for debug display if debugDisplayTarget > 0
			vkCmdDraw(cmdBuffer, 3, 1, 0, 0);
			drawUI(cmdBuffer);
			vkCmdEndRenderPass(cmdBuffer);
		}


		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkEndCommandBuffer(cmdBuffer));
	}

	virtual void render()
	{
		if (!prepared)
			return;
		VulkanExampleBase::prepareFrame();
		updateUniformBufferComposition();
		updateUniformBufferOffscreen();
		buildCommandBuffer();
		VulkanExampleBase::submitFrame();
	}

	virtual void OnUpdateUIOverlay(vks::UIOverlay *overlay)
	{
		if (overlay->header("Settings")) {
			overlay->comboBox("Display", &debugDisplayTarget, { "Final composition", "Position", "Normals", "Albedo", "Specular" });
		}
	}
};

VULKAN_EXAMPLE_MAIN()